You said it yourself. They are adding more patches, all of which are a part of the not-yet-complete expansion. MMOs are not like a single player game that you buy and get all the content for immediately and play through in a month or two. If this game did that people would unsub after getting through the content, and that's not the point of an MMO. Usually (as I've seen in WoW at least) the first patch is there to introduce the new land, let you try out new races, give a few new dungeons and raid bosses and most importantly give you a chance to level up all of your characters or in this case classes. Heavensward did all of that and combined with the fact that this game has a patch cycle as short as 3 months, I think there's a sufficient amount of things to do.
Looking at your description of what there is to do, you aim to finish all quests and then proceed to gearing up and killing bosses for the next 2 years. With your pace of content consumption (3 weeks), they would have to release 16 raid bosses, 8 trials and 8 max-level dungeons as well as making leveling and pre-Ex gearing 4 times as slow in order to keep you entertained for 3 months (the usual length of a patch). At the time of patch 3.5 they would have had to release 96 bosses, 48 trials and 48 max level dungeons to satisfy end-game-only players on top of the casual attractions like beast tribe quests, main scenario, seasonal events, new glamour and something like the gold saucer. Do you not see how unrealistic that is? Not to mention how awful it would be to play catch up all the time for players who go through content much slower, because they do other MMO activities (pvp, rp, crafting, gathering, glamour) or have a limited schedule.
You have to understand that if you choose to focus only on end game, there's no way to avoid running out of things to do. At least not without making the game so tedious that it will piss of the majority of players who are more casual. My advice is: don't focus only on end game! This MMO is not tailored for end-game-only playstyle. The armory system encourages to play all classes, so why not level up some alternative jobs when you are done with gearing up. There's also gathering and crafting, both of which have a unique system of rotations, gearing up and cross class skills. All classes also got additions to their own quest lines. Alts and professions are very traditional MMO activities and if you choose to ignore them, part of the blame for running out of things to do is on yourself.