Adventurers don't get to live inside Ul'dah either, and it takes doing a pretty awesome favour for the city before we're even able to stay at the inn. Presumably until then, you've had to bivouac in the field with all the refugees.
For joining the guilds, if you can't at least kill some moles, hornets and rats, or spin some hemp etc, you won't be worth their time and will get turned away.

For Ul'dahn education, my bet is on the Milvaneth Sacrarium running an expensive and exclusive private education system.