All 3 cities main quests

[Enkidoh]

Short answer, no. However, a lot of the quests are essentially the same thing for each city:

Starting tutorial to sign up with the Adventurer's Guild
Attune to the aethertye and learn Return, speak to an NPC in the Markets, and enroll in the Guild of your starting class,
Sent to a nearby camp where you speak to an npc and have to equip a full set of level 5 gear
Solo instanced fight at level 7 where you meet your nation's Archon for the first time (the actual enemy you fight differs between nations)
Solo instanced fight against a golem at level 10
Solo instanced fight against some beastmen, a gargoyle and the 'masked mage' at level 15
Quest line running around to participate in a special event (banquet/ball/festival) where you get a special piece of equipment
Finally meet with the nation's leader and are sent to the other nations as their envoy where you get your airship pass.

After this all three nations share the same storyline, so yeah, really all three nations effectively have the same storyline, it just differs in some details at the start. But no, you can't undertake the individual level 1-15 story quests for another nation, other than creating a different character and choosing a nation different from your first one.