That does sound like a frustrating day I've got no first hand experience with the lockout, but the patch notes say:

The Duty Finder has been adjusted so that players who have been vote-dismissed are not immediately available as candidates for rejoining the same party.
Which makes it sound like it's possible that the kicked player can return to the same instance eventually, only that they aren't allowed to right away. I'm not sure what the cooldown is for this though, I haven't heard much information about it.