I don't personally know of any way to make it verify files, but if downloading about another 9GB isn't a problem you could just uninstall the game and download it directly from them.

http://www.finalfantasyxiv.com/playersdownload/na/

That's the link for the launcher (it's the same launcher for NA or EU so don't worry about that). I'd recommend you uninstall your existing game from Control Panel and then install the download launcher above. Then just run it and it'll go through the steps to download the game for you.

I appreciate that 9GB can be a lot of data for someone to download, but just mentioning in case that's something that's feasible for you until someone else can think up something better.

Sorry that I can't help with confirming the patch sizes at the moment as I'm not at home to check!