I'm getting this problem on my PS3 even with the full version from the disc.
Did you ever find a solution to this?

I've called SE about this 3 times now.

First time they said they had never encountered this problem before and that a supervisor will send a solution via email. That email never arrived.
Second time they suggested turning on Javascript and enabling cookies, both were already on and still didn't work after I tried fresh reinstallation.
Third time, they speculated a hard drive corruption. Suggested filling up that "portion" of hard drive with other games and files, then installing FFXIV incase the FFIV installation was in the corrupt section of the hard drive.

I wiped my hard drive, then installed about 3GB worth of games, then installed FFXIV.
Re-launched the game. Still got the same damned error during update. SE claims to have never encountered this and they don't know a fix (well not the technicians I spoke with anyway).

Maybe you could try some these out and post if it was successful for you?
Hopefully it works.