The only other way to interpret the "Yet the bravest among us were spared, sent beyond the reaches of time" is that we were sent to a dimension where time does not exist, until Eorzea was rebuilt 5 years later, however because time does not exist where we went, it would seem like we were teleported straight to the future.

We are going into complex temporal physics and the multiverse theory here, the only two ideas that can explain what happened.