Good news!
I was finally able to come up with a text string that led me to the complete Prelive Report that disappeared from the official XIV sources; the one that substantiates the links to Greece and concretely confirms a few things one might regard as possibly ambiguous.
Here's an abridged version I just made for my own use.
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The name of the planet is Hydaelyn; though, most would not use this word itself, for to understand the concept of a planet, one must first know of other worlds, and most on Hydaelyn do not.
The game takes place in the realm of Eorzea, one of three continents* that make up one larger super-continent (land mass); specifically, Eorzea consists of the main continent of Aldenard and its surrounding islands (the largest of which being Vylbrand, home to the city-state of Limsa Lominsa). Aldenard is connected to the other two continents via a land bridge in the north-east which will eventually lead to Garlean Imperial territory.
Eorzea contains several independently governed city-states like those found in ancient Greece. Like the Greek cities they are based on, those of Eorzea have a long history of war and alliances. The few that have lasted longest are the thalassocracy of Limsa Lominsa, the commercial sultanate of Ul’dah, and the forest city-state of Gridania, which some users have commented reminds them of an ancient Japanese polis.
However, the powerful and aggressive Garlean Empire has begun their slow advance on the city-states, making the current situation in Eorzea similar to the months before the Persian Empire marched on Greece.Limsa Lominsa
Limsa Lominsa is a sprawling port city ruled by pirates and brigands. After the appearance of the legendary island “Swallowtail Roam,” a battle begins brewing over a treasure found there, and the player gets caught up in the action. Into whose hands will the treasure fall?
Gridania
The player angers the forest and travels to Gridania to remove his woodsin. There the player gets caught up in the story of a boy named Khrimm who insists elementals─beings thought to rule the wood─and sets out to find the truth. Will his findings overturn the beliefs of all Gridanians?
Ul’dah
The player is caught up in a terrible accident during a city-wide parade. One of the people who perish in this accident was carrying a terrible warning to Ul’dah. To learn of this warning, there are those who would seek forbidden magicks to allow them to speak with the dead...
Ishgard
The Knights of Ishgard are fighting a holy war with an ancient race of dragons, and are currently refusing contact with those they call ‘unbelievers.’ These defenders of the mountain realm appear in several different quest line
* Though the word continent is frequently used to describe Eorzea, this may be a bit of a misnomer. "Continent" generally only refers to a continuous land mass. In this case, the true continent would be Aldenard. Some have also pointed out that a more literal translation of the Japanese text would have referred to Eorzea as a "cultural sphere." It may be best to refer to Aldenard as the continent, to Vylbrand as an island off the coast of this continent, and to Eorzea as a "Realm" made up of Aldenard and its surrounding islands, including that of Vylbrand, which all (generally) share a common language, religion, world-view, and tradition of sovereign city-states, that will ally in mutual interest.