How do calamities work, again?

[CaesarCV]

Question: do all civilizations that do arise from a calamity become that element, complete opposite or random?

There's always influence from the calamity itself, but it's not like the civilizations are directly attuned to any particular element. For example, after the calamity of Ice people hid in ice caves during the Umbral Era and eventually mastered Fire Magic, but it's not like they were the 'ice civilization' or anything like that.