Arcanist is the stand-in for Arithmetician from from FFT. Remember there was no "Scholar" class in FFT, but like Scholars from other games, Arithmetician could cast variety of magic and targeted based on variables like level/height, etc. That said, Arcanist uses math in FFXIV to cast its spells.

From the FFXIV lorebook:

The roots of arcanima can be traced back to the esoteric calculations practiced by the people of the south sea isles. It was their efforts to express the nature of aether in mathematical terms that gave rise to the exacting science that we practice today. These definitive formulas are represented by "arcane geometries"—patterns that allow arcanists to manipulate aetheric energy and produce specific effects. The ability to shape this energy also allow practitioners to manifest arcane entities known collectively as "Carbuncle." This is perhaps the most defining power attributed to the art of arcanima.