Running the game in windowed mode doesn't result in the crash. Launching it in DX11 mode, switching to windowed and exiting, doesn't crash. Launching in windowed mode and switching to full screen and exiting, same crash as before.
Adding more questions to this is, if I launch it with DX11 mode, switch it to windowed mode, switch the launcher to DX9, it will also run DX9 mode in windowed mode, AND allow it to be switched to full screen mode and exit the game client. However it will then not launch again (1000003d) in DX9 mode, thus having to switch it back to DX11 mode to launch it.
So in summary:
Launch in DX 11 full screen, exit = crash as in first post
Launch in DX 11 switch to windowed mode and exit = no crash on exit
Launch in DX 9 full screen = will not launch
Launch in DX 9 window = launch, and no crash on exit
So the common issue here is full screen mode. The question is what.
I've noticed that someone else has this issue with older hardware but it's otherwise identical here.
One thing I'll point out as that the onboard video is not an option to use in DX9 or DX11 mode, only the nVidia 1050 Ti. This is listed as a "render only device" by dxdiag.
From a technical perspective, what this means is that the nVidia part is actually doing the rendering, and the rendered image is displayed by the iGPU. What I believe is happening here is that FFXIV may be trying the close the wrong display context or something to that extent, at least that would explain the DX11 exit crash, but that's speculative. I can't explain the inability to start the game full screen in DX9 mode, but I again speculate that it may be having difficulty determining what GPU is the actual GPU in use.
I'm not yet at home to try experiments with my desktop, but I know on my desktop I can turn on the iGPU, and then drag the FFXIV window running on the nVidia part onto the monitor plugged into the iGPU and there is trivial or no loss in fps in doing so, which is why I feel the game has no issue with actually using this setup when windowed.
However on the laptop when it's full screen, the game client doesn't realize there is another GPU. So make of that what you will.