It's hard to tell in-game, as we exist in a sort of time-bubble at the moment, so that newer players don't experience the world differently from those of us who have been playing from 2.0 or earlier. If it were otherwise then we would need multiple Mor Dhonas and Idyllshires, and Northern Thanalans, among a few maps that should be very different following certain story events. That said, there are the occasional bits of dialogue that imply travel times, such as early in 3.0 when Cid mentiona that we had left Ishgard and been in the Sea of Clouds for a few days. The boat from Limsa to Kugane also took a couple months, if I'm not mistaken. I imagine that others could give you more specific instances, but I'm just going off of memory.