This topic should probably go in the Lore Forum, since that's where all the people interested in lore hang out.

But the long and short of all time-related shenanigans is the Official Word is that the entire game from 2.0 is taking place within the same year, in a Simpson's-style time bubble.

Yes, I know it makes less and less sense the longer the MSQ gets, but until someone officially tells us otherwise, that's the 'canon' we have to work with. (Though personally I prefer to think of the MSQ having taken place in more-or-less 'real time', since that leaves plenty of downtime between disasters for the WoL to take on time-consuming sidequests like raiding and catching one of every fish in Eorzea).

Cid bouncing between continents probably isn't as big a deal as you might think, though, considering he owns an airship and it would take significantly less time to fly than it would to travel by sea.