-paladins, especially in 2.0, had little lore beyond "pretty righteous knights." They aren't affiliated with any Eorzean churches. This was changed to add lore, not to reflect it, which I think is a bad practice. There's also some more to this change, though, because it happened waaaaaaaaaaaaaay back in 1.x. In datamining early 1.x files, an early version of HG could be seen that stopped working if you moved. This never made it live, but I'm like 70% sure they chose the name HG because of that effect. Also, HG protects you from everything in this game.
-Past FFs seem to have no bearing on how they name things if -aga spells and a ton of other stuff are any indication
-Defender: War's defensive stance from FFXI. http://ffxiclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Defender
-You shouldn't give infuriate a pass. Go look at the animation. The warrior lets out a war cry - something you do before going into battle and unleashing your special moves and stuff. This change is one of the dumbest imo. Why change it to Infuriate of all things?
-Cleric/Crusade doesn't matter much but it's just another example of a why change. Religion actually is pretty big in FFXIV. You have to pick a guardian deity at character creation and every nation-state has its own patron deity, which leads to
-Shroud of Saints is another one that effectively accomplishes the same thing. Protection of the Goddess likely refers to Nophica in this case, since CNJ is from grid and all. You'd be Nophica's saint in this case. Also the shroud/her protection lowers your enmity by half, effectively protecting you from attack.
It all boils down to why fix what isn't broken for a lot of these. There are some changes that are good. It's hard to translate a lot of Monk's stuff or Chaos Thrust without just changing them outright, but the ones I've talked about, I think, are either unnecessary or actively bad.
(as an aside, speaking of saints, "The Wanderer's Shadow" title is "Oschon(?)'s Saint" in some of the other versions. For whatever reason the loc team almost always refers to the gods by their nicknames. Wanderer's Palace, etc.)
then they don't go and fix stuff like Dancing Edge/Armor Crush in loc. Why? It layers on top of other questionable loc changes (and lots of tooltip mistakes) and makes the game feel cheaper. All of this is my opinion, obviously, so you don't have to agree, but that's what I think of it.
Anyway the names are pretty much uniform since 3.x from what I bothered to look into. The bad deeds are done. I don't think we're going to agree so I'm just gonna duck out. good talk.