You might very well have gotten some. Normal items(monster parts, dyes, prisms, potions, etc) go straight into your inventory after the game randomly decides who to give them to, and any equipable items go into your armory(even if you arent a class that can equip them) unless its full after the group has a little time to vote. So take a look and see if you have any unfamiliar pieces laying around(you just might!). If everyone else passes and you dont vote then the items may have been awarded to you by default. If the other people wanted/needed stuff and you didnt vote then it should have gone to them.

In general, if you open the loot window(im not sure the name of the ui element, sorry) you should see which gear your party has won, and how long you have left to vote on it(the default is about 5 mins). If its something for your currently equipped class, youll have the option to vote Need(it only looks at your current class so that someone who has everything leveled cant just roll need on everything all the time, meaning you should play the class you want gear for as often as possible to increase your odds). Everyone can always vote Greed or Pass, whether its for their class or not. When you vote the game automatically generates a loot roll(1-100), and they get "published" and compared to the rest of the party when all the votes are in. Need rolls are only compared to other need rolls(automatically beating any greed rolls). If no one cast need then all greed rolls are compared, and anyone who hit pass is automatically eliminated. If your roll won, the item goes straight into your armory/inventory and you can potentially equip it right away to start benefiting before you even leave the dungeon.

Hope that helps!