I have my AA in Craftology.

1) From Highest to lowest success rate, it goes White > Yellow > Red > Flashing. However the lower the success rate is, the greater the payoff if you do succeed. You will make more progress, get more quality, and lose less durability. It's recommended to only synth on White or Yellow if you're working on a recipe for XP grinding since those tend to be higher level than you.

2) The Awarded Recipes tab is not very useful as it is in-game currently. It might be a while off until the game is moved to the new servers, but at that point they're planning to implement a fully-featured recipe book. Until then I have been using Mooglebox.com for recipes.

3) Most people selling low-level items for that much are trying to take advantage of the recipe revamps and the fact that players playing since launch tend to have a lot of money to spend. I doubt they ever actually sell. If you are selling something, you can price it how you want. I tend to start at a base price of Level x 1000 gil. If the materials were easy/free to get I lower the price a little bit after that, and vice versa if they were tough to get. You might want to look around at the adventurer's guilds, any shops related to that class, and the class guild shops to see if they sell the item you're making. You will want to sell items for less than the NPCs.

4) Yes, currently you will want to sell things in the Ul'dah markets because it's where most of the population hangs out.

5) Touch Up gives you a "reroll" at the end of a synth to try and make the gear +1, +2, or +3. If you get your quality high enough, you might get lucky Touching Up a few times and raise the item to a +1. REALLY high quality might net you a +2 or +3. As you touch up it will start to cost more and more durability, especially when you start seeing sparks, so it's generally a good time to just give up on it.