Psychologist John Suller wrote a paper on this in 2004, entitled "The Online Disinhibition Effect", where he explored six factors that could combine to change people's behaviour online. These are:
- dissociative anonymity ("my actions can't be attributed to my person")
- invisibility ("nobody can tell what I look like, or judge my tone")
- asynchronicity ("my actions do not occur in real-time")
- solipsistic Introjection ("I can't see these people, I have to guess at who they are and their intent")
- dissociative imagination ("this is not the real world, these are not real people")
- minimizing authority ("there are no authority figures here, I can act freely")
The combination of any number of these leads to people behaving in ways they wouldn't when away from the screen, often positively -- being more open, or honest --
but sometimes negatively, abusing their fellow internet users in ways they wouldn't dream of offline.
Internet psychologist Graham Jones believes that to a certain extent the kind of aggressive behaviour often seen online happens in the real world. "Having said that, there is a feature of the online world that makes such negative behaviour more likely than in the real world," he says. "In the real world people subconsciously monitor the behaviour of others around them and adapt their own behaviour accordingly... Online we do not have such feedback mechanisms."
Jones looks to offline social changes for inspiration, another aspect of life that is criminal but near impossible to effectively police: "Rather like drink-driving, the best way of dealing with online negative behaviour is to make it socially unacceptable."