This are the sorts of problems frequently fixed by nuking the preferences in your /Documents/My Games/Final Fantasy XIV/
This is done by:
1.) Create a folder on your desktop
2.) Move everything in the above FF directory into the temp folder
3A.) If you do not mind resetting your key-bindings, widgets, chat colors, etc., jump to step 4.
3B.) If you have a lot of customizations to your UI, move your "users" folder back into the FF folder.
4.) Run the Final Fantasy Config program, and set all your graphics settings back to what they were at.
5.) See if that fixes the issues.