Since I'm stuck in the same place you're at, I figured I'd fill in some of the blanks/clarifications via 2ch's wiki:

There's only 5 different time cycles, so the ending time for anything starting at 18:00 will always be 4:59, for example.
Likewise, anything ending at 11:59 will always start at 8:00. Currently only known exception being 042, possibly 074.

Dawn: 5:00 - 7:59
Morning: 8:00 - 11:59
Afternoon: 12:00 - 16:59
Dusk: 17:00 - 17:59
Nighttime: 18:00 - 4:59

006: nighttime
010: nighttime
023: afternoon
025: nighttime
027: nighttime
028: morning
029: afternoon
030: dusk
031: afternoon
033: nighttime
035: afternoon
036: nighttime
039: dawn, rain, /lookout
040: nighttime
043: nighttime, thunder, /lookout
046: afternoon, fog, /lookout
047: dawn, fair, /lookout
048: afternoon
050: morning, overcast, /lookout
052: afternoon
054: afternoon
055: afternoon
057: nighttime
058: dawn
059: dawn, fair, /lookout
060: afternoon
061: afternoon
063: dawn, clear, /salute
064: nighttime
066: morning
067: nighttime
068: dusk, clear, /lookout
069: nighttime, fog, /lookout
072: dusk
073: nighttime
074: 8:00 - ?, fair, /lookout
075: afternoon, fair, /lookout
077: afternoon
078: nighttime
079: afternoon
080: dusk, fair, /sit