Update: I've gotten the problem resolved... so to those who might have a similar problem. It had to do with the ports, apparently the ports I had found for FFXIV were incorrect.

The ports that need opened forwarded are: 54992-54994,55006-55007,55021-55040 all of these are TCP.

Once I did this, I was able to download the patch and log into the game and play without any errors.