Activities besides Leve's: Where and when

Hello Final Fantasy XIV Community! Recently I started playing again after a really long break(I stopped playing a month after release due to a horrendous performance and the lack of activities) and I wondered what kind of new activities are available by now.
It is maybe a broad and unspecific question but what was added since release to do besides levequests and more important when(lvl-wise) and where is it available? I'm grateful for every answer.

Regards
Tatou ;)